Using the matched data between infrared images of the geostationary meteorological satellite Himawari-8 and the product 2AGPROFGMI of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), the matched infrared brightness temperature (BT), brightness temperature difference (BTD) and surface precipitation are connected by pixel to pixel. Further more, because of the advantage of the more channels of geostationary meteorological satellite, two-dimensional and three-dimensional lookup tables of rain rate (RR) are established with the matched infrared brightness temperature, brightness temperature difference and surface precipitation. The lookup tables which can identify the rain rate of different grades are found by the retrieval tests. The three-dimensional lookup tables (BT10.4, BTD12.4-10.4, BTD6.2-7.3) show higher probability of detection (POD=0.8817) and lower false alarm rate (FAR=0.4042) when detecting the rain, so it can identify the areas of rainfall.

Research progresses in parameterization schemes for estimating downward shortwave and longwave radiations are reviewed by use of satellite data and ground-based routine observations in recent years. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the relevant literatures, the theoretical backgrounds of downward shortwave and longwave radiation parameterization schemes are described. According to the clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions, the radiation parameterization schemes are summarized and their advantages and disadvantages in the practical application are reviewed. Under clear-sky conditions, the main parameterization schemes of downward shortwave radiation are statistical methods and radiative transfer models; the longwave radiation parameterization schemes are mainly single-parameter and dual-parameter methodologies. Under cloudy-sky conditions, radiation parameterization schemes are mainly limited to the determination of cloudiness. The limitations of estimating downward shortwave and longwave radiation on the surface are the selections of appropriate parameterization scheme that need considering land cover types and the attainment of meteorological observations and satellite remote sensing data. In the future, the relatively promising estimation approach is pointed out by combination of polar-orbiting and geostationary satellite remote sensing data.

In order to monitor the range and extent of drought and resolve the serious problems of the semi-arid regions, a soil moisture retrieval method by satellite microwave remote sensing is proposed. The relation of microwave brightness temperature and surface soil moisture was simulated by surface and atmosphere microwave radiative transfer models. The soil moisture retrieval algorithm in the logarithm-cubic form was established. By using the data of the microwave radiation imager aboard the FY-3A polar orbiting meteorological satellite and the retrieval algorithm, the soil moisture was derived for the farmland and the grassland in Tongyu of Jilin. The result shows that the retrieval soil moisture is in good agreement with the ground-based observations. The root mean square error is 0.003 cm³/cm³ for the farmland, and 0.005 cm³/cm³ for grassland. The method can be applied to the future FY-3B satellite that is possible to derive more information. With the improved radiation transfer model in the future, the radiation characteristics of the various grounds will be obtained. The regional moisture study will be carried on in the future.

How to use the measurement from the visible channel of Chinese Fengyun-2C geostationary satellite to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD) is discussed. By calculating mean surface reflectance at the same local time of each day in one month, the randomicity of the estimated surface reflectance can be reduced. The influence of different values of AOD assumed in the cleanest days on the quality of final AOD product is analyzed. In addition, the data in May 2008 was used to test the proposed algorithm and the results were compared with the AOD product from six AERONET sites in East Asian and MODIS AOD product respectively. Last, the error sources were analyzed in the retrieval of AOD from FY2C satellite, and the corresponding possible schemes to decrease the error influence and improve the quality of FY2C AOD product were investigated. The comparison indicates that in East Asian the AOD product can display the pattern of aerosol distribution, but overestimates the values of AOD in southwest of China and low latitude areas, and underestimates the values of AOD in east of China.

Based on the parameterization of downward shortwave radiation, upward shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation and upward longwave radiation above the surface, a scheme is proposed to estimate instantaneous net radiation over arid and semiarid areas for clear sky days using only remote sensing observations. The scheme attempts to eliminate the need for ground meteorology data as the estimates of land surface radiation balance, by using various land and atmospheric data products available from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS). The preliminary results, using 89 cases over the degraded grassland and 85 cases over the farmland during July to October in 2003, July to November in 2004 and June to October in 2005, show good agreement with ground-based observations, with the root mean square error of 47. 5 and 49. 2 W/m² respectively, which have better accuracies than the other similar studies.

Radiative transfer model for ATOVS (RTTOV) is used to simulate advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU) channels’sensitivityto water vapor profile ; some of channels are eliminated step by step to establish two retrieving algorithms; and then retrieving matrixes are calculated and applied to retrieve water vapor profiles frombrightness temperatures in July 2006 from AMSU instrument aboard national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA)-16. Compared with reanalysis humidity profiles formnational centers for environmental prediction (NCEP), root mean square(RMS) at 0600UTC and 1800UTC at every single level are within 1. 4g/kg and 1. 7g/kg , respectively. Retrieved water vapor profiles generally agree with NCEP ones ; retrieved products can locate the cloud area and water supply of Typhoon; it can describethe structure of Typhoon at some level.

The tests of navigation are carried out using 31 FY-2C images in Aug. 2006, The result shows that the navigation error is less than 0.13 scan line, which is good enough for cloud classification analysis. Two methods of cloud classification (nephanalysis and cluster analysis) are presented and the classifying distributions are compared with the FY-2C NOM cloud product. Cloud categories obtained in nephanalysis are more than FY-2C NOM cloud product, and middle/low clouds are recognized well by nephanalysis. The results by cluster analysis are better than NOM cloud product, and cloud distribution are more realistic.

A statistical relation between lighting image sensor (LIS) events and precipitation radar (PR) convection rainfall is obtained by using LIS and PR data on tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM). Convection rainfall retrieved from LIS data and other satellite data are continually assimilated into initial field of advanced regional prediction system (ARPS), and then the simulation results of meiyu front storm at Jianghuai Basin show that prediction of both storm center and rainfall density are improved.

Retrieving atmospheric water vapor from remote sensing data is very important in such aspects as water circulation, global climatic change, weather forecast and atmosphere correction. Considering the scanning angle of the sensor, the two-band ratio method for retrieval of atmospheric total water vapor is developed by moderate-resolution imaging spectro-radiometer(MODIS) near infrared measurements. The RMS error compared to radiosonde observation is 0.29 g/cm2, and the correlation coefficient is 92%. The comparison of the monthly mean total water vapor distribution shows that the retrieval water vapor field is in good agreement with that of the MODIS product.

Through the analysis of 11 typical mesoscale convective systems occurring at China continent and adjacent ocean on June, July and August, 1998, it is found that 10.65GHz_ V channel and 19.35GHz_ V channel can well response to the absorbability and emission of liquid water in cloud and precipitation, and that 85.5GHz_ V channel and 37.00GHz_ V channel can response to the ice scatting in cloud well. Based on these characters of MCS, the relationship between 85.50GHz polarization-corrected temperatures (T_PC) and lightening is further discussed. The results show that large events density occurred within the contour of 220K, and that during 220--260K, the events density is sharply reduced. At T_PC higher than 260K, there is almost no events observed.

The equation for estimating land surface temperature of Huaihe River Basin has been set up by using the data of split window channels of TRMM and GMS-5 satellite and the ground observation data of HUBEX. Comparison with the ground observation data of Huaihe River Basin from many aspects shows the result is in good agreement with observation. On the basis of the typical weather situation in Huaihe River Basin in 1998, the paper analyses the features of the land temperature of Huaihe River Basin in the four stages of the 1998's Meiyu of Yangtze.

Statistical and physical retrievalalgorithms are the two methods being widely used to retrieve the atmospheric vertical temperature profile. This paper presents a retrieval algorithm: physical statistical retrieval algorithm. This algorithm uses one-off lab simulation data derived from physical retrieval algorithm instead of historical data from statistical algorithm. Using statistical algorithm to work out the matrix of retrieval coefficient, then the authors can directly carry through real time retrieval from the matrix.

Based on the difference characters of cloud, cloud classification methods are presented by using GMS-5 data, and results of cumulonimbus, cumulus congestus, cirrus, cumulus, middle cloud, dense cloud are obtained. The comparison with the ground observation data of Shouxian (Anhui Province of China) in June and July(1998) shows a satisfied results, with an accuracy of nearly 70%.

With 85.5GHz microwave images of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) Satellite, which has good ability to monitor convective heavy rainfall, and GMS satellite infrared images in 1h interval, the mesoscale convective systems in Yangtze river basin during July 20～25, 1998 was revealed and analyzed. The relationship between the distribution of heavy rainfall and the blackbody temperature(TBB) of GMS satellite infrared images was examined. The results suggest that the mesoscale features of the heavy rainfall was outstanding, and the maximum rainfall peak took place at the time when the MCS just developed to the meso-β scale. The diagnosis of the large-scale environment suggested that the thermal and dynamic conditions were favorable to the development of the mesoscale convective systems in the Yangtze River basin.

The impacts of Tropical Western Pacific Warm Pool on precipitation of China and disasters in China's coastal region have been discussed by using Warm Pool Index. The results show that Warm Pool Area Index is meanful in a certain sense for forecasting precipitation of China, Northern Boundary Index can well forecast precipitation of Yangtze River Valley and other regions of China. Area Index has anti-correlation with the interannual change of occurred numbers of typhoon in coastal region of China, significantly relation with the sea ice disaster after 1950, little relation with the occurrence frequency of sea wave disaster, and regular relation with tsunami.

The split window statistical method for retrieval of atmospheric precipitable water is developed by GMS-5 infrared brightness temperatures measurements. The preliminary test shows that the RMS error of the method is 0.37g.cm^-2. The precision is superior to that of GOES split window retrieval method. And it not only comes up to but also is superior to that of AVHRR split window estimations. The comparison of the monthly mean precipitable water distribution shows that the retrieval U field is in good agreement with that of the conventional radiosonde observation.

Based on the COADS data, the feathers of the seasonal variation and interannual change of the Oceanic Warm Pool are studied. The results show that the seasonal variation of the area and the center of the Warm Pool is connected with the seasonal variation of the solar radiation, while the highest value of the interannual change of area take place in the year of El Nino. The study of the seasonal variation of SST shows that the smaller the sea area and the nearer to warm pool center are chosen, the smaller the seasonal variation is presented, and there is a good positive correlation between interannual change of SST and that of area. The solar radiation and wind field are the key factors for the cause of formation of the Oceanic Warm Pool.

By using GMS-4 infrared brightness temperature and visible albedo data from Jan. to Feb. In 1994, methods of extracting sea ice parameters are developed and digital remote sensing pictures are obtained in Liaodong Bay. Based on the difference in physical properties between ice and water, a criterion distinguishing ice from water is set up and the threshold value of brightness is achieved. Ice thickness has been calculated according to the relationship between ice thickness and brightness by thephysical and statistical methods. The retrieval distributions of ice thickness are in good agreement with observations. The results show that a precision of ice identification and thickness retrieval is 78.25% and 65.97%, respectively.